来自意大利和土耳其的科学家报告了一项关于位于该壁画的研究索特拉church in Paola, Italy, an underground church rediscovered in the 19th世纪。该团队采用了多分析方法，同时采用了基于实验室的和原位analysis. Their research findings have appeared in the journal欧洲杯足球竞彩。
学习：Preliminary Study of the Mural Paintings of Sotterra Church in Paola。Image Credit: Jan Ohrstrom/Shutterstock.com
The索特拉Church: Rediscovery, Origins, and History
The索特拉church at Paola was rediscovered whilst building work was being performed on the麦当娜·德尔·卡敏（Madonna del Carmine）church in 1874. Thought to be of Byzantine origin, the site contains several historically important religious murals from that time period. Archaeological evidence has indicated that the site underwent several changes before it was abandoned, probably in the 16th世纪。
The church is located underground (索特拉means “under the earth”) and the arrival of Normans in Calabria heralded a time of significant change for the church. It is thought that these changes were carried out by Benedictine monks, with the coexistence of wall paintings from both time periods providing evidence for this.
It is thought by some historians that the church was originally the fulcrum of a hermit site on the border of the Langobard and Byzantine lands. At this time (around the 7th-9thcenturies CE) there was a mass influx of Eastern monks fleeing persecution. The most probable origin of the site, according to historians, is between the 9thand 10th几个世纪。该网站包含卡拉布里亚（Calabria）最重要的拜占庭和中世纪宗教艺术品。
The original nature of the church was different than today, as the site was covered by several floods and landslides over the centuries, leading to its complete abandonment and loss of its memory. The first exploration of the church after its rediscovery occurred in 1925.
（（A) Overview of the cycle of frescoes in the church of Sotterra with evidence, from left to right, of the angel of the Annunciation, Christ in glory with apostles and the Virgin. (B) Detail of the Virgin as part of the mural painting object of this study. Image Credit: Ricca, M et al., Materials
The Site’s Culturally Important Religious Artworks
As previously mentioned, the索特拉church is a culturally important site in Calabria, containing rich examples of Byzantine and Medieval religious artworks. The presbytery has valuable frescoes which present open questions and complex problems for a stylistic and historiographic interpretation. The apse contains a mural thought to represent the Virgin Mary who is adorned with a halo and carries ointment, surrounded by saints or apostles. There is a direct derivation from the typical Byzantine style in this artwork, which is from the 9th-10th几个世纪。
该网站上的宗教艺术品的其他例子包括杏仁中的拖延症基督的碎片，一个虔诚的祭坛，描绘了圣母玛利亚的母乳喂养孩子，同时携带石榴，而圣塔托尼奥则以刚性的额姿势减轻。
在APSE的两侧，都有一个天使的描绘，左侧的大天使加布里埃尔（Gabriel）在风中移动着浅色窗帘，右边是珍贵的装饰品，右手拿着一本书。在Apse的半圆形之外，壁画来自14th世纪。
用原位方法（ID：A）和基于实验室的分析（ID：NST）来描绘壁画的采样点。Image Credit: Ricca, M et al., Materials
The Study
The study has performed a multivariate analysis on the painting of the Virgin from the Annunciation of the Archangel Gabriel on the right side of the church’s apse. Both laboratory-based and原位analysis was performed. Several non-destructive techniques were utilized in the study, including X-ray Fluorescence, IR imaging, and UV-Induced Visible Fluorescence to characterize and map pictorial layers and provide information on the mural’s deterioration.
Using this preliminary analytical information, the authors performed a more in-depth study of painting fragments to identify the artist’s technique and provide stratigraphy characterization. Characterization at the elemental scale of preparatory and pigmenting agents' composition was performed by the authors, as well as an investigation of their morphology and stratigraphy.
（从左起）UVF和IR图像的详细信息（在不同的：A）脸部和光环的细节；（（B) detail of the dress and of the background floral-geometric decoration. Image Credit: Ricca, M et al., Materials
Results of the Study
Analytical results indicated that the preparatory layers were made of iron oxide- silica-rich lime-based plaster. Natural mineral pigments were used in the yellow, red, green, and blue paint, and in the case of blackish micro-fragments studied, the authors concluded that the artist mixed the paint with organic compounds.
作者揭示了第三层基于石灰的石膏，该石膏具有与预备层不同的组成，表明在某个时候恢复了壁画或重新制定壁画。这一发现代表了恢复这种文化重要宗教壁画的第一个科学文献。该研究提供了有关绘画保护状态的关键信息。
作者表示，他们的研究提供了一种方法，可以为将来清洁，恢复和保护策略提供最佳实践。他们还指出，未来的工作将集中在提供对退化和改变现象的全面理解上。
Further Reading
Ricca, M et al. (2022) Preliminary Study of the Mural Paintings of Sotterra Church in Paola (Cosenza, Italy)欧洲杯足球竞彩15(9) 3411 [online] mdpi.com. Available at:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/9/3411
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